A recent article on CNNMoney.com caught my eye – it’s titled “Many don’t have $2,000 for a rainy day.” Since one of my cardinal rules for retirement planning is that you should have 6 months of spending in the bank (or easily accessible, within 3 days), I read this article with interest.

The CNNMoney.com article references a recent National Bureau of Economic Research study which asked participants if they could come up with $2,000 for any surprise expense, such as a home repair, hospital bill, short-term job loss, or legal expense.  Frighteningly, only 25% said that they were certain they could find the $2,000 without a struggle.  What does that say about the other 75%?  The others said they would access their savings accounts, borrow from neighbors or family, put these charges on their credit cards, or use other borrowing methods such as home equity loan.

Let’s step back here and think about this question.  Assuming that you would like to retire someday (I define “retirement” as doing what you wish with your time, vs. being required to work to pay current and expected future expenses), you’ll have to either be very lucky and win the lottery, or you’ll have to save from your current income.   Unfortunately, life sometimes throws us a curve ball in the form of an unexpected expense or perhaps a loss of a job or other income source, and we must cope for a short period of time.  If your strategy for “coping” is to borrow money from your friends or use your credit card instead of accessing a short-term savings account, then you’ll never dig out of the debt trap and you’ll be forced to earn an income for the rest of your life!

What if you had a goal to put six months of what you spend each month in a bank account and labeled it “rainy day account”?  This isn’t easy; if you typically spend what you earn each month it might take some changes to your spending habits to save 5% or 10% each month.  Remember, we’re not talking about what you earn pre-tax or what you have in your paycheck after-tax for this calculation – we’re talking about the amount you actually spend each month.  So, if you could save 10% of your spending each month for a year, you’ll have 1.2 months saved in just one year.  Using this plan, you’ll have 6 months of spending in that account within 5 years.

5 years sounds like a long time, just to have a rainy day fund.  What I’ve found over the years is that those who start on this plan quickly find ways to save without really impacting their lifestyle, and they also find ways to make more income, thus compressing the time required to get to the goal much faster.  What’s more, if you have 6 months of savings in the bank, not only will life’s little (or big) emergencies not derail your entire financial future, but you’ll have the mindset of saving, which will allow you to direct your income to productive investments, vs. just spending today.

To be sure, this transition from “earn now, spend now” isn’t easy.  But when you compare it to potentially having to work for your entire life it isn’t as painful.

What can you do to get started with your “rainy day fund” today?

Mike Egan, a 20-year Wall Street veteran, is on a mission to help Americans unleash the power within them to build a stronger financial future. He is the author of “Your Stronger Financial Future” and a blogger at MacroMike.com.

photo credit: Marko Milošević

Common financial advice is to pay yourself first; set aside your own savings before you pay any bills.  Yet, what happens if you don’t have enough money to pay yourself first?  What if you can’t set aside $100 or more each month?  How can you continue to save for your goals whether they are establishing a $1,000 emergency fund as Dave Ramsey recommends, saving for a replacement car so you can avoid a car loan, saving for a down payment on a home or simply saving for a vacation?

My husband and I are temporarily in a tight financial situation; he is finishing his Ph.D. and I am staying home to take care of our three children while doing freelance work at night.  While I expect our financial situation to improve in a few months when my husband graduates, we are now in the situation where we have little to save, yet we would like to begin to save for a down payment for a house.  We have found unusual, creative ways to save.  Utilizing these methods won’t get us to our 20% home down payment, but they offer a great way to start saving, and we will add to the savings when our income increases.  If you are trying to save more, try some of these strategies:

1. Save all of the $5 bills that you get.  You are at the grocery store and you buy $33.22 worth of groceries; for your two twenties you give the cashier, you get back one single and one $5 bill.  Put that $5 bill into savings.  My husband and I have been doing this since June 1, and already, in less than three months, we have saved $175.  That is a savings rate of approximately $60 a month.  More importantly, that is $60 we didn’t think we had to save.  Sometimes it is painful to put that money aside, but in the long term, it is worth it.  Of course, this method works best if you routinely pay in cash.
2. Save all of your change.  This is a similar strategy to the $5 bill strategy, but it is a little less painful because you will be saving less overall.  However, your savings will still add up quickly.  My husband and I used this method a few years ago to save for a weekend vacation.  We saved $300 in a year’s time.
3. Save one dollar a day.  Another blogger I read was told at her wedding that she and her husband should save one dollar a day.  She and her husband did just that, and at their 10 year wedding anniversary, they had $3,650 saved, which they used on a 4 day second honeymoon.  Talk about a painless way to save, but what a great reward at the end.
4. Save the money you would have spent on an impulse purchase.  Do you really want a pop when you are checking out at the grocery store, but you resist the urge?  If so, take the $1.59 you would have spent and put it in your savings account.  You would have wasted it on an unhealthy, impulse purchase; why not instead use it to your benefit and put it in your savings account?
5. Have $5 or 10 automatically withdrawn from your pay check.  Even if money is very tight, you can probably sacrifice $5 a week.  If that is the case, arrange to have the equivalent of $5 a week automatically withdrawn from your paycheck and placed in your savings account.  Over the course of a year, you will have saved between $260 and $520.

Of course, there are many ways to save when on a tight budget; you just need to get creative with how you do it.  Also, don’t worry that the saving method you choose is not adding up quickly enough.  Saving something is much better than saving nothing, and once you become disciplined to save money regularly, as your income increases, you can save more.

photo credit: Carly Jane1

According to a new report by the American Express Spending and Saving Tracker, 15% of the American citizens plan to augment their savings in 2011; as compared to a poll in 2010 and 40% say there will be no changes in their spending behavior this year. Are the Americans planning to spend more dollars in 2011? How could this be? Aren’t the Americans amidst a sluggish economic recovery? With the spurring unemployment rate and the debt deficit, people are having less cash flow in their hands and this is restraining them from paying off their debt obligations on time. They are resorting to debt consolidation as an option to simplify and accelerate their debt repayment procedure. In the previous year (2010), the Americans planned to save an average of $14,000, but in 2011, they aim to save only $2700. While some might view this consumer behavior as a sign that US economy is emerging strong from the global recession, but most sensible people know that America is treading on the path of a double-dip recession.

The rule of the thumb is to have enough savings to cover your expenses in case you lose your job or any other financial emergency occurs. It is a common belief that a penny saved is a penny earned and not leading a frugal life within your means can push you deeper into the vicious cycle of credit card debt. The present personal savings in the US stands just under 6%, a rate that is much higher than what we saw in 2007 when the economy was booming and financial experts are of the opinion that this personal savings rate needs to stay throughout 2011 in order to forget the financial horrors.

Pinching your pennies – Steps to go about this way and build wealth in 2011

Benjamin Franklin had mentioned that ‘a penny saved is a penny earned’ and the statement is just as true today as it was then. Creating a savings account is mandatory for those who are looking for ways to secure financial freedom. Here are some penny pinching hints that can help you build your wealth and reach those not-so-lofty financial goals.

• An emergency savings account – Either start it or boost it — The biggest thing that bars the Americans from saving money is not being in the habit of saving. America has been unanimously acknowledged as the nation of spenders and by not boosting their savings, they’re just living up to this name. The best way to get into the habit of saving your dollars is by paying yourself directly by depositing money into your savings account from your paycheck account and this can be done concurrently with your other goals of paying down debt. If you want to reinforce your habit of saving money, make sure you put your savings on autopilot so that you have enough funds when unexpected expenses inevitably come along.
• Track your monthly spending – Stop hating the B-word — Americans love to hate the B-word, budgeting but according to most financial experts budgeting is the finest way of saving money and building wealth. By budgeting you can keep a track on the areas where you can cut back your expenses to maximize your penny-pinching efforts. Use this information to create a solid monthly spending plan and don’t over do it. Make sure you tally your expenses at the end of the month so that you know where you did well and where you didn’t.
• Pay down high interest credit card debts – Live debt free — For most households in the US, the best way to boost the return on your money is by paying down high interest credit card debt. Whether you’re carrying balances at 12% or 22% interest rate, credit card debt is the costliest debt that most households carry. Plow excess cash into repaying your high interest debt as this is a risk free return of your money. You can save thousands of dollars on resulting interest charges and outstanding balance. Get professional help from debt consolidation companies if you find it impossible to tackle them on your own.
• Contribute to your workplace retirement program – Begin or increase it — Though there are many employers who have suspended or scaled back their matching contributions, yet this must not be a reason to stop yours too. Make sure you contribute a part of your monthly income to the 401(k) retirement account as this will not only reduce your present taxable income but your investment will also grow without the headwind of taxes. Withdrawals during retirement will not be taxed and thus you can keep your nest-egg intact.

The next time someone tells you not to worry about spending money as you’re helping the economy, thing twice. If you’re still having problem convincing yourself to save money, just consider the financial mess your country is facing, more than $14 trillion debt and a weakening dollar. Help the economy get back on track by saving money and building wealth. Repay your creditors and get help from professional debt consolidation services to avert the risk of yet another recession.

Ryan Smith is a contributory writer associated with http://www.debtcc.com and has written several articles for various financial websites. He holds his expertise in the Debt industry and has made significant contribution through his various articles.

photo credit: MikeParker

Everybody knows they need an emergency fund.  Right?  Right.  There’s some argument about how much to keep in your emergency fund, but the general rule is no less than $1000 and ideally 6-12 months of expenses.  And common savings strategies says that you should keep that money in a nice comfy savings account that you can access as needed.  But, let me play devils advocate for a minute here.  Let’s say you had $1000 in your emergency fund.  What could you do with that $1000 if it were freed up and spendable?  What if, instead of having your emergency fund in a savings account, you used a credit card that had no balance on it?

You read that right.  A credit card.

Take you’re average credit card with a $1000 to $5000 credit limit (higher if needed) and keep no balance on it.  You’ve got a ready made source of funds, up to the limit, that you can access from just about anywhere.  And, it frees up your emergency fund savings to pay down debt.  Or invest.  Or, you can still keep it in a savings if you want and just use the credit card to supplement the emergency fund so you don’t have to keep such a high balance on it.

Pros and Cons (My wife likes these lists and always makes me write one when making big decisions…)

Let’s look at the pros for using a credit card as an emergency fund.

• Cash is freed up for investing/paying down debt.  Why earn 1% on your emergency fund cash when you could be paying off debt that you’re paying 10% or more on?  Or, that you could be investing and possibly earning a nice return on?
• No balance needed.  The card would be dedicated to the emergency use, so you wouldn’t carry a balance on it unless you had an emergency.
• Available anywhere.  You can instantly access your emergency fund from anywhere your card is accepted.  Which is virtually anywhere.

Now, let’s look at the cons for using a credit card as an emergency fund.

• Card could be closed.  If you don’t carry a balance and never need it, there’s a chance that the card company could close your account and you wouldn’t be able to use it when you needed it.  There are ways around that.  You could use it for a specific bill each month and then pay it off just like you would if you were paying the bill normally.  Problems could arise if you don’t pay that balance though and fill up the card.  Then you wouldn’t be able to use it either.
• Interest charges.  Nobody likes paying interest on anything.  If the emergency is big enough and bad enough that you aren’t able to pay it off right away, you’ll start racking up interest.  That can lead to a quick spiral into the same debt boat that you were in to begin with.  Or worse.

I don’t know if I could recommend using a credit card as your only means of an emergency fund.  But, I think you could make a pretty good argument for using one to supplement your current emergency fund.  Let’s say your goal is to have 3 months expenses in your emergency fund.  And that your expense are $5000 a month.  That’s $15000 that will just be sitting in a bank doing nothing more than earning 1% interest. If you’ve got a card with a $10000 limit on it, you could pare that down to just $5000 in the bank and use the other $10000 to pay off a bill.  Or invest in something.

I think the biggest problem with using a method like this is the potential pitfalls.  If you are unable to keep the card active and balance free, you’ll have problems using it when you need it.  If you do need it and are able to use it, but not pay it off, you could potentially end up in the deep water again.  On the other hand, if you use up a cash emergency fund, you still need to pay it off, but you won’t have to pay interest on the part you used.

Using a credit card as an emergency fund is doable.  But, I can’t suggest it for any but the most disciplined.  One wrong step, and you could end up having more of an emergency than you would have normally if you just had a cash emergency fund.  And that could lead to disaster.

What do you think?

Now, I want to know your opinion.  Would you consider using a credit card as part (or whole) of your emergency fund?  What about using a line of credit as an emergency fund source? Would higher interest rates on savings change your mind? What pros and cons did I miss?

Early Retirement Extreme

By: Jacob Lund Fisker

When many of us think of retirement, we think of some far off time in our future when we’ve saved enough money and reached an age where the government will allow us to withdraw our money without significant penalties.  When Jacob Lund Fisker thinks about retirement, he’s thinking about the here and now.  You see, Jacob retired when he was 33.  How?  By following  the principles that he outlines in the book.

What this book has done for me is to turn much of what I thought about personal finance on it’s head.  At this point, I can’t say whether I will attempt to try and join the ERE army or not, but I can guarantee you that I will be looking at things from a different point of view from here on out.

The book itself is dense.  Dense in that it’s packed full of information.  There’s no way that one read through will be enough.  You’ve either got to read it several times, or supplement that first reading with plenty of reading of Jacob’s blog.  It reads (the book, not the blog) much like a textbook does.  It’s even segmented into sections the way a textbook would be.  Luckily, it’s not all facts and figures and there’s a bit of discernible humanity in there as well.  Jacob lays out how he managed to retire at 33 by some extreme saving.  Then he goes into how he lives off of less than $10,000 a year that he draws from his investments and a few odd jobs (that he enjoys) during the year.

By no means is the Early Retirement Extreme going to be for everyone.  It’s a hard read.  But, it is well worth the read.  It’s the “thinking man”s personal finance book.  It’s not chock full of anecdotal evidence, but raw hard facts and numbers.  It will change the way you think about personal finance, and life in general.

You can buy it directly from the Printer or from Amazon(click the picture)

Invariably, every few months, we get a wave of posts talking about “what would you do if you won $x,xxx,xxx?”  Or, what you would do with a smaller windfall.  And invariably, a majority of the people talk about how they would save the money.  And in some cases they are right.  But, most of the time, they are wrong.

Why are they wrong?  Because they’re looking at saving from the wrong direction.  I wouldn’t save a dime of it.  I would use every last cent of it to pay off debt.  And until I have no more debt, that’s what I would do every time.  Sure, maybe I’d by a few things that I needed, but the rest goes to debt.  Saving in a savings account doesn’t do you damn bit of good if you have debt.

If you have any debt at all, you really should think twice about having any savings at all except for an emergency fund.  Why?  Because, there is no savings account in the world that will guarantee you more interest than what you are paying on your debt.   If you pay off $100 of your credit card debt, you’ve just earned the 19% interest that you would have paid.  You “saved” more with that $100 than you would have in years if you had put it into a savings account.

Don’t fool yourself into thinking you need to have anything more than an emergency fund in the bank.  All the rest is just money that could be making you 19% interest instead of the paltry 1.30% that you’ll get at that high-yield online savings.  When you get rid of your debt, then is the time to start building your savings!

Some of you will likely ask “what about retirement savings?”  That’s a gray area.  There are some that would argue that if you don’t get that debt paid off, you’ll end up taking that money out early anyways.  Others would argue that due to the tax benefits of retirements accounts, and the magic of compound interest, you really should be putting money into your retirement too.  My current opinion is stuck somewhere in between.  I think that you should be putting a little into retirement, just so you have something going.  But, I also think that you should keep in minimal until your debt is gone and then ramp it up like gangbusters.

So, what would you do if you won $x,xxx?

Inevitably, you’re going to screw up.  You’re going to make a mistake and it’s gonna cost you.  If you’re lucky, it’s only going to cost you a few dollars or a bit of bruised pride.  If you’re not so lucky, it could cost you much more than that.

Let me tell you a little secret.  We’ve all been there.  In all likelihood, we’ll all be there again.  But, some of us will get back up, dust ourselves off, and get back to doing what it was we were doing in the first place.  The rest will sit on the ground where they landed, beaten and broken, and never get back up.  They’ve given up.  The world got the best of them, and they have lost the will to try again.

Getting back up isn’t the hard part.  Gathering the will to get back up is.

None of us who have fallen and gotten back up have any greater aptitude for it than anyone else.  Sure, we may be better at some things than other people, but when we fail, we are all the same.  Here’s a little bit more of a secret.  Some of us are better prepared for the fall.   We’ve done what we can to soften the blow, not because it’s inevitable, but because it could happen.  Think of it this way; you don’t buy health insurance because your sick, (well most don’t) you buy it in case you get sick.  You don’t wear a helmet while bicycling because you know you’re going to fall, you wear it in case you do fall.  Sometimes situations are out of our control.  We certainly don’t choose to get sick.  And we don’t choose to fall off of our bikes on to the hard concrete below.  But, sometimes it happens.  And the better prepared you are for it, the easier it is to get back up and get going.

An example.

Many years ago (something like 7), I drove a old pickup (older than I am).  One particularly cold day, then engine refused to start.  It refused to start the next day despite having a charger on it and attempts to pull start it.  I couldn’t go without a car, so what was I to do?  I had no savings, and no means of coming up with any extra money.  I had fallen.  In order to get myself up and out of the hole I had dug, I was forced to take on a massive (for me at the time) car loan on a used car.  The bank wouldn’t finance much without a down payment, so I took what I could get.  It was a terribly low spot for me, financially.  I went from having no car payment at all, to having a car payment of a little under $200 a month.  I could afford it, but just barely.  If anything had happened to my income or if an emergency of some sort had arisen, I would have fallen that much farther (and harder).  To be honest, I didn’t learn all that much from that particular episode.  But, I did get back up and back on the road.

A week or so ago, my car sprung an oil leak.  The repair wasn’t horribly expensive (only about $150), but enough that it could have been very damaging if I had been in the same situation as I was before.  But, I’m not.  I’m prepared.  I have a small emergency fund that can easily cover an expense of that magnitude.  The fall wasn’t nearly as bad.  It wasn’t as bad of a situation as it was before, either.  But, because I had prepared, the fall was very short and I was able to recover quickly.  In fact, it was less of a fall than it was just a little bump.

Preparing for an emergency isn’t a bad thing.  It doesn’t mean that you are expecting to have an emergency any more than having health insurance means you’re expecting to get sick, or wearing a bike helmet means you’re expecting to fall.  But it cushions you against the fall.  Getting sick is less stressful if you have insurance that you know will pick up part of the bill.  You’ll have less road rash if you’re wearing a helmet.  And, if you have an emergency fund, more falls will become bumps.

Do yourself the favor.  Prepare now, so that when you do fall, you’ve got some cushioning to land on.

In the midst of spending 5 straight days remodeling our kitchen, our good friend Murphy’s Law decided to show up.  My father came over for the long weekend and helped.  Without him, the remodel would have probably been a disaster.  But, that’s not where Murphy comes into play.  One evening, after we had supper, we made our way to a local park so that the kids could run around and get worn out a bit.

As we were walking back to our car, we noticed a pretty good sized pool of liquid under the car.  Sure enough, it was oil.  It doesn’t take a mechanic to know that a pool of oil under your car is not a good thing.  Not even a little bit.  I got the car home, and parked it until Monday, when I could call the mechanic and have them take a look at it.

Luckily, when they called back with their diagnosis, it wasn’t a hugely serious problem.  A minor seal had broken and needed replacing.  The seal  itself is a $16 part.  The labor to replace it is a bit more.  We had been envisioning a bill in the $1000 range, but instead, got a bill in the $150 range.  Even so, that’s a pretty big unexpected expense for us.  A budget buster on most months.  Luckily again, we have our Murphy thwarting emergency fund and our remaining tax refund, so either case would have been handle-able.

Unfortunately, the extra expense will likely have to come from the remaining tax refund.  It’s good that we still had the money hanging around, but using it for the car repair will mean that we have to wait a few months for the new couch that we had planned on getting.  We do have a fancy new remodeled kitchen though!

Once again, we’ve been reminded how the stress of a Murphy’s Law moment is lessened by having an emergency fund set up.  If the repair on the car had been more expensive, or we had needed a new engine (or a new car), we would have had that $1000 sitting there to help with the costs.  It wouldn’t have covered the whole thing, but would have made a serious dent in the repairs.  Get yourself an emergency fund!  It will pay for itself in peace of mind.

I’ve been thinking about this for quite some time, but today’s post from DoughRoller with A Dead Simple Alternative to CD Laddering was the icing on the proverbial cake.  And I think that DoughRoller is right.  Or at least, what DR says is in line with what I’ve been thinking too.

Here’s the basics.  A CD Ladder typically is made of several 1 YR  CD’s whose maturity dates has been staggered such that a new one is maturing about every 3 months or so.  Depending on the variation, some may even have one maturing every month.  It’s all in how you stagger the CDs.  Because you have them staggered, your money is never completely locked away and you can always get to some of it every month or three months.  So, any non-emergency expenditure can be planned for and the money from the most recent maturing CD can be used to pay for the expenditure.  At some point, you replace the CD and all is back to where it was.

My problem with all of that is that if you split $10,000 over 4 CDs, you get 4 $2500 CDs.  If you split it over 12, you get 12 $833 CDs.  That’s great, but what if you need to spend more than that?  You have to cash more than one CD.  Or you have to wait even longer until more of the money is freed up.  It’s not a catastrophe.  But it’s inconvenient.  On top of all that, you’ll likely pay a penalty on any extra CDs that you decide to cash out.  Again, not a catastrophe.

The solution, as DR and I see it, is to take that $10,000 and dump it into a long term CD.  Say a 5 year CD.  Yes, if you need the money before that 5 years is up, you will still pay a penalty.  But, the penalty is generally something like 3 months interest.  So, as long as you’ve held the CD for longer than 3 months, the worst you can do is break even.  If you cash it out in less than 3 months, you either didn’t plan well in the first place or you really have an emergency and you probably won’t notice a few months interest.  The main advantage of this method is that all of your money is available to you at all times.  A secondary, but nearly as important advantage, is that the long term CDs generally pay higher interest.  So, if you leave the money for the full 5 years, you will have made significantly more interest than you would have with 4-12 1 YR CDs.

Rate examples (as of March 31, 2010)

• ING Direct: 1YR CD = 1%, 5 YR CD = 1.25%
• HSBC Advance: 1 YR CD = 0.40%, 4* YR CD =1.70%
• Ally: 1 YR CD = 1.54%, 5 YR CD = 2.99%

As you can see, there are some pretty significant differences in rates between a 1 year CD and a 5 year CD.  Ally only has a 60 day early withdrawal penalty.  HSBC only has a 30 day penalty.  ING has, by far, the worst penalties for early withdrawal.  Any CD over 12 months term will incur a 6 month penalty and any CD 12 months and under will incur a 3 month penalty. Looks like Ally is the place to go.

I think the strongest point for this type of CD investing is that I don’t like losing that extra interest because of a “maybe”.  Yes,  “maybe” I’ll need that money before that 5 years is up.  But, I may not need it at all.  And if that’s the case, I’d rather be earning the higher rate.  And if that “maybe” comes around?  Well, hopefully I’ll have had the CD long enough to override any penalty that comes with that.  At worst, with those examples above, I would only need to hold the CD for 6 months before it would be an even transaction.  Sure, I lose that interest.  But, again, that’s only a “maybe”.

Just what is reactive personal finance?  It’s the management of your personal finance in reaction to events or situations as opposed to the management of personal finance in anticipation of events or situations.

The best example of this is a budget.  A budget is built and held to in anticipation of events in your financial life.  You know that things like your electric bill and water bill are going to be coming and roughly how much they  will be.  That allows you to budget for them and set aside money to pay for them with.  A budget is a great tool in avoiding reactive personal finance.

Why do we need to avoid reactive personal finance?  Because reactive personal finance is disruptive.  You are managing and spending your money in reaction to the events that are happening.  Doing so can cause you to quickly lose control of your finances and find yourself in a downward spiral of poor management choices and, eventually, it can lead to you being broke.

Some examples of events that can cause you to become reactive.  Medical emergencies, blown tires, unexpected social events, and even bills that are larger than they normally are.  Any thing that is unexpected can cause you to spend in a reactive manner.  And when you have events like that, it can often lead to larger problems, like overspending on luxury items to make you feel better.

How do you avoid reactive personal finance?  No plan is foolproof, so it’s not really completely possible.  However, you can make the odds of it happening be cut drastically.  How?  An emergency fund and a bit of willpower.  The emergency fund will give you the available spending power to cover any emergencies that would normally make you spend in a reactive manner.  Instead of trying to react and borrow from somewhere else to pay for the emergency, you can just pay from the emergency fund and not need to react any further.  The willpower comes in where the spending opportunity isn’t an emergency.  You have to have the willpower to avoid last minute and spontaneous spending that could drain your funds and cause you to become reactive when you no longer have the money to pay bills or buy necessities.

The best laid plans often go askew.  But, building an emergency fund and strengthening your resolve can go miles towards avoiding reactive finance and potential disaster.