Beating Broke

Personal Finance from the Broke Perspective

We’re All Financial Optimists, and It’s Hurting Our Bottom Line

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Are you an optimist or a pessimist?

Do you see the glass half full or half empty?

No matter your answer, I have a secret for you.  We’re all financial optimists, and it’s hurting our bottom line.

Don’t believe me?

I didn’t expect you to.

You might say, my finances are a mess.  I have debt; I’ve pulled money out of my 401(k).  I’m definitely not a financial optimist.

But, I’d argue that you are.  When you look into the future, you don’t see bankruptcy and years of the same financial mess.  You likely think that eventually things will get better, and you make decisions based on that.

If your financial situation isn’t that bad, you’re probably even more of a financial optimist.  Say you’re getting ready to buy a house, and you know that your limit is a house that costs $250,000.

You find the perfect house.  The problem?  It costs $270,000.  Still, you decide to buy it, even though you know you can’t afford it.

What do you tell yourself?

  • It’s in a good neighborhood, and the house will appreciate.
  • In just a few years, inflation will make your now nearly unmanageable payment much smaller, and paying it won’t be such a hardship.
  • You’re just starting your career, and in a few years you’ll be making a lot more money, so the house payment will be easier to afford.

Sound familiar?

Just a few years ago, millions of people thought their houses would appreciate, and then they were caught up in the housing crisis.

Houses don’t always appreciate, but we optimistically think ours will.

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Sure inflation will make your house payment more manageable, but you’ll have other expenses in a few years that you’re not thinking of because you’re thinking optimistically.  In a few years, maybe you’ll have a few kids to fill that house, and they’ll cost a lot of money.  You’ll be spending more on food, health care, transportation and day care, just to name a few things.  Suddenly, having a manageable house payment doesn’t really make a financial difference because you’ll have so many other expenses competing for your money.

If you’re lucky, your career will soar, and you’ll make more money, but that doesn’t always happen.  You might get laid off and have to find a job that pays less.  You or your spouse may decide to quit so one person can stay home with the kids.  Or, maybe you do get raises, but at the same time your health care premiums go up every year so your pay essentially stays stagnant.

Of course, thinking optimistically is beneficial to our mental health, but for our financial health, recognize that thinking optimistically hurts your bottom line.  When you get ready to make a large purchase like a house or a car, don’t forecast into the future.  Determine if you can afford the item now, in your current situation.  If you can, you’ll tie up less of your future money and benefit from this.  If you can’t, it’s best to pass it up.

How Much Car Insurance Coverage Do You Need?

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Car insurance, like most insurances, can seem complicated.  Deciding just how much car insurance coverage you need is the biggest hurdle.  Of course, it’s easy to select the coverage that meets the requirements of your state and the lien holder (of you owe on a loan for the car, you’ve got a lien holder, and it’s likely the bank you borrowed from), but those aren’t the only factors to take into account when deciding on how much coverage you need. Using a free online service can quickly find cheap auto insurance companies and shows multiple competitive policies.  In the end, you’ve got to find a coverage that will meet those requirements, and also fit within your budget.

State Requirements

You’ll want to know what the state requires you to have for insurance.  Any local insurance provider should be able to tell you, but you’ll want to double check if you’re planning on using an out of state or online provider.  If you still owe on your car, the lender on your loan will likely require that you have full coverage, so the state minimums will likely only come into play if you own the car you’ll be insuring.

Lien Holder Requirements

If you owe on your car, you’ve got a lien holder.  The lien holder is whomever you borrowed the money from.  Most (if not all) lenders will require that you carry full coverage insurance on the car.  It has nothing to do with them wanting to make sure you’re safe, and all to do with making sure that should you get in an accident, that they’ll get some of their money for the loan.  While most lien holders won’t require a certain level of insurance (over full coverage), it is a good idea to find out what they require just to make sure that you’re getting the coverage that you need.

Deciding on Coverage Levels

Car AccidentOnce you know the requirements of the state and any lien holders, you’ve got to decide on the level of car insurance coverage you want.  There are two ways to look at this.  The first is that you’ve got to find a coverage and provider that is affordable enough to fit into your budget.  The second is usually the forgotten way of looking at insurance.  The coverage doesn’t just have to fit into your budget, it also needs to cover you against a total loss.  If you have full coverage, but it’s only enough to cover a portion of what you owe on the car, you’ll also want to look at something that’s usually called “Gap Insurance”.  Gap insurance is aptly named in that it is designed to cover any gap between the value of the car and the remaining loan should the car be totaled before you pay it off.  Car insurance can be a combination of three coverages.  A liability coverage (usually what States require), Comp & Collision, and personal injury.  The exact levels that you need will vary based on your situation, but your insurance provider should be able to make recommendations for you.

How Much Deductible for Car Insurance

One of the easiest ways to lower the monthly cost of your car insurance coverage is to raise the deductible on your policy.  This method is a bit of a double-edged sword, however.  Raise it too high, and you might not be able to afford to have the car fixed.  Or, anything short of a major collision may fall under the amount of the deductible.  Again, your insurance provider should be able to help you compare the different deductible levels and help you find one that fits your budget without breaking you if you get in an accident.

The level of coverage that you need is going to be drastically different based on your own individual situation.  Do you own your car, or owe on your car?  Do you have sufficient savings to cover a higher deductible in an emergency?  What are the requirements of your state and any lien holders?  Make sure you know all that information before you go looking for car insurance, and remember to double check any suggestions by an insurance provider.  We’d all like to think that they are all honest, but not all of them are.  Knowing at least a little about what you’re talking about, and the information required to ask informed questions is a huge step towards not getting taken advantage of.

How much do you know about car insurance?  How much have you learned since the first time you bought insurance?

img credit:stupid.fotos on Flickr.

How to Build, and Use, Rockstar Credit

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Unless you’ve taken the vow of debt celibacy, you’re gonna need credit.  There’s plenty of reasons to have credit, and plenty of reasons to not need the debt instruments that determine your credit score.  Unfortunately, if you’re going to need credit, you’re going to have to make use of a few debt instruments in order to not only get a credit score, but get a rockstar credit score.

Building Rockstar Credit

Building a credit score isn’t particularly difficult.  Any Joe (or Jane) off of the street can get a credit score.  You’ve simply got to have some form of debt that reports your history with that debt to the credit bureaus.  Simple right?  Let’s move on to using your credit score then…  Or not.  Listen, getting a credit score is the easy part.  Getting a rockstar credit score is another thing altogether.  If you want to build a good credit score, you’ve got to know how to use the debt instruments in a way that demonstrates your credit worthiness.  If you want a rockstar credit score, you’ve got to have rockstar credit worthiness.

Know what goes into a credit score.

img credit: kspsycho83, on Flickr

Knowing what goes into a credit score will make it that much easier to build that rockstar reputation with the credit bureaus.  The factors that the bureaus take into effect vary a bit from one to another, but they have the same basic bones.  35 percent of your credit score is all about payment history.  There’s lots of factors in that payment history, but if you keep one thing in mind, you’ll never have a problem with this 35% of your score.  Pay on time.  If you pay on time, you will never run into any of the other things, like bankruptcy, length of delinquency, and amount of delinquency.  Frankly, it’s the easiest part of your credit score, because you can pretty much nail it down with a good bill pay system.

Another 30 percent of your score is determined by the amounts owed.  That is, the category of things that falls under amounts owed.  This includes the total amount you owe, but also includes things like the number of accounts with a balance, the amount of available credit, and even the type of debt you owe.  What this category boils down to, is a score on utilization.  If you’ve got nothing but credit cards (unsecured debt), and you’ve got nearly all of them maxed out, the chances of you defaulting in the future are higher, and so, you’re score goes down.  If, on the other hand, you’ve got a mortgage (secured debt), a car loan (more secured debt), and a few credit cards with low balances on them, your chances of defaulting are lower and your score will go up.  Of all the factors that go into your credit score, the amounts owed factor is the most complex and hardest to balance.  If you’ve got the patience, some experimentation with available credit, types of credit, and distribution of credit can yield some interesting changes to your score.

The remaining 35 percent of your score is split (15%-10%-10% respectively) between length of credit history, new credit, and types of credit used.  The first, length of credit history, takes into account how long you’ve had your credit accounts open, and how often you use the accounts.  New credit takes into account how much of the credit you have is new to you.  In short, how many new accounts you’ve opened, and how many times your credit report has been pulled by a potential new creditor. Finally, the types of credits used category takes the type of accounts you have and scores your usage based on that.   Unlike in the amounts owed category, the types of credits used category doesn’t take the balances on the accounts into consideration, but merely weighs the ratio of one type of account against another.  With all three of these categories, the emphasis is on smart credit usage.

The bureaus want to give the best credit scores to the rockstar credit users.  A rockstar credit user is someone who pays their bills on time and is never late, has “good” balances on their credit accounts with a higher ratio of secured debt versus unsecured debt, has a long history of being a rockstar credit user, isn’t actively trying to open a whole bunch of new accounts (and hasn’t recently added a whole bunch of new debt), and isn’t overusing any one type of credit.  A simple rule, to fill all of those requirements, is to just be a smart person with your personal finances.  Don’t take on more debt than you can afford, and make the payments on time.

Tools for Rockstar Credit

Along your journey to building rockstar credit, there are some tools that you will want to use.  The first, and most important, is your free credit reports.  You can get one per year from each of the three major credit bureaus.  A smart way to use them is to get one from one of the bureaus in one quarter, one from the next the next quarter, and then once more in the third quarter of the year.  While the free credit reports don’t include your FICO score (credit score), they do show you all the information that the major credit bureaus are using to determine your score.  Look over them carefully, and make sure that any inaccuracies are fixed, and reflected the next time you pull the free report.

The second tool (really tools) is to have a full complement of programs and apps to help you along the way.  A good bill-pay system is beneficial to keeping your payments on time, while programs like Mint and Adaptu can help you keep track of where your money is going, and keep it all under control.

If you want more detail on what makes up your credit score, I encourage you to check out The Beating Broke guide to Your Credit Score. (it’s FREE)

Using Rockstar Credit

Ok.  So you’ve got a rockstar credit score.  Now what?  Well, we didn’t spend all that time building a solid credit history to not use it, right? Right.

Depending on where you are in your personal finance journey, you will find that there are certain benefits to having a rockstar credit score.  The main key, when using your credit, is to remember that your usage will reflect on your credit score, and use it accordingly.

Negotiating a better interest rate.

If you’ve managed to improve your credit score by quite a bit, one of the first things you should try and do to take advantage is to negotiate a better interest rate.  In most cases, this will be done with your credit cards, but it sometimes doesn’t hurt to call other creditors as well.  Call them, explain that your credit score has gone up significantly, and you’d like your interest rate lowered.  One of the advantages of having a great credit score is that you have some leverage in that you are more likely to be able to secure a balance transfer to another card at a lower rate.  If the creditor won’t lower your interest rate, consider trying to find a new card with a good rate and a good balance transfer rate.

Use your credit to leverage debt.

This usage is likely to get a few comments.  It’s frowned upon a bit, and can be dangerous if not done properly.  Further, it can be dangerous in that you can over-leverage and end up losing everything if it falls apart.  Which makes it all that more interesting, and something to learn about, in the same way that learning about pyramid schemes helps avoid them. 🙂

Leveraging your debt comes in many shapes and methods.  The easiest way is something you’ve probably heard about before.  Using low balance transfer rates and low introductory rates, you can use the credit to earn income on the money.  Several years ago, this was very popular as people were getting transfer and intro rates of less than 2%, while online savings accounts were earning more than 5%.  It didn’t take a rocket scientist to figure out that a person could earn 3% on the credit card company’s money with little to no work besides making sure that the payments were made and the debt was paid off at the end of the rate period.

A similar method, that is a bit more popular today, is to use the transfer/intro rates and lend the money out on something like the peer-to-peer lending site Lending Club.  With return rates of 13% possible, it could be a lucrative proposition.  It would require extremely good investing, and a good amount of luck in avoiding delinquencies and write-offs however.

Another way that you will see used more often is to use the debt as a means for investment into assets.  If you can get a card with a large enough limit and a low enough transfer/intro rate, you can then use the money as a down payment on an investment property (think rental property).  I shouldn’t have to tell you this, but there are a lot of people around the nation (and the world) who got burned in the last 5 years by using this method.  To be honest, I wouldn’t use it, but it is a method that is available to you.

I’d like to reiterate that leveraging your debt can be dangerous.  A market downturn, or sudden loss of income can not only ruin your leverage attempt, but can also quickly send you into a spiral that could lead to bankruptcy.

Keeping Rockstar Credit

Keeping rockstar credit can be super easy.  If you’ve got rockstar credit, you’ve already mastered the steps to building a good credit score.  Keeping a good credit score calls for more of the same.  Yep.  Just keep on doing what you’ve been doing while building your credit, and you’ll keep it.